NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 21 – Police on Monday dispersed activists who staged a demonstration in Nairobi’s Central Business District (CBD) demanding the release of detained Ugandan opposition leader Kizza Besigye.Several protesters were arrested as officers moved to break up the demonstration, with images showing police detaining activists in the city centre.Among those arrested were activists Julius Kamau and Collins Otieno, according to reports from the demonstration.The protesters were demanding answers from the government over Besigye’s disappearance from Nairobi in November 2024 and his subsequent transfer to Uganda.They also called for an independent investigation into the circumstances surrounding his movement from Kenya to Uganda, including whether Kenyan security officers were involved.The activists had planned to march to the President’s Office along Harambee Avenue to present their concerns to the government.The protest came days after activists announced plans to take to the streets over what they described as the unexplained transfer of Besigye from Kenyan soil.Besigye, a veteran Ugandan opposition politician and four-time presidential candidate, was reported to have disappeared in Nairobi in November 2024 before resurfacing in Uganda several days later.He was initially arraigned before a military court and later faced proceedings before a civilian court, where he and co-accused persons face treason-related charges.The circumstances surrounding his transfer from Kenya have remained a subject of controversy, with activists demanding an independent inquiry.The case has also featured allegations during proceedings in Uganda concerning events in Nairobi. A prosecution witness alleged that Kenyan police had prepared an apartment and planted firearms and suspected fake currency as part of an intelligence operation. The allegations are part of testimony in the case and have not been established as court findings.The protesters said their demands extend beyond Besigye’s case, arguing that the circumstances surrounding his transfer raise broader questions about the protection of individuals and respect for legal processes within the East African Community.The demonstrations come amid heightened scrutiny of police handling of protests in Nairobi. Last week, the High Court found Inspector General of Police Douglas Kanja in contempt over the erection of roadblocks during June 25 commemorations after police failed to issue a required public advisory. Kanja was ordered to appear in court on September 22 for mitigation and sentencing.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 21 — Former Chief Justice and 2027 presidential hopeful David Maraga says Kenyans living in the United States have called for the scrapping of a national tallying centre ahead of the 2027 General Election.Maraga said the concerns emerged during two town hall meetings he held with Kenyans in the diaspora in Baltimore, Maryland, and Jersey City, New Jersey, on September 19 and 20.According to Maraga, participants raised concerns over healthcare, education, corruption and governance, while also highlighting the financial burden of supporting families in Kenya through remittances.“They were unanimous in saying ‘No’ to a national tallying centre,” Maraga said in a statement posted on Monday.The former Chief Justice said young Kenyans at the meetings also raised concerns about foreign influence in Kenya, including what they described as manipulation behind legislation such as the Cyber Crimes Bill.He said the participants also expressed concern over foreign land deals across Africa.Maraga said he briefed the diaspora communities on the People’s Coalition on Electoral Reforms, which he co-leads, and its five proposed mandatory reforms ahead of the 2027 polls.The proposals include the removal of a national tallying centre, an audit and strengthening of the integrity of the voters’ register, tougher penalties for electoral offences, election technology that is pre-tested and independently scrutinised, and stronger integrity safeguards for IEBC personnel and administrative processes.The coalition has previously called for the abolition of the national presidential tallying centre at Bomas of Kenya, arguing that presidential results declared at polling stations and constituency level should not be retallied or altered at a central venue.The coalition’s demands have, however, drawn criticism from government officials, with Health Cabinet Secretary Aden Duale defending the national tallying process and questioning how results from thousands of polling stations would be aggregated without a national process.Maraga said his manifesto would prioritise education, healthcare, agriculture and youth unemployment.He told the diaspora audience that his experience as Chief Justice demonstrated his willingness to make decisive decisions and said he would make the fight against corruption a central priority of his administration.The former Chief Justice has previously identified corruption as a key issue in his 2027 agenda and pledged to implement existing anti-corruption laws while digitising government procurement and other government processes.On foreign policy, Maraga said his proposed administration would adopt what he described as an “Africaward looking” approach.He said Kenya would seek to move beyond approaches focused primarily on East, West or Gulf relations and instead pursue a broader pan-African strategy on economic and security matters.According to Maraga, the approach would seek to strengthen African countries’ collective negotiating position on the global stage.The engagements in the United States come as Maraga continues to campaign for electoral reforms ahead of the August 2027 General Election. He has recently held discussions with US lawmakers, civil society organisations and think tanks on the People’s Coalition’s electoral reform agenda.
Read briefing NAIROBI,Kenya Sep 20 – From the traditional shrines of Meru to Nembure in Embu and, finally, Kirigiti in Kiambu, Deputy President Kithure Kindiki is attempting to change the way Mt Kenya speaks politically with elders at the centre of the operation. For several weeks, Public Service Cabinet Secretary Geoffrey Ruku carried an axe around Mt Kenya that he wielded it as a political metaphor, threatening to split the Mountain into East and West if leaders from the western counties refused to recognise Deputy President Kithure Kindiki as the region’s political spokesman and support President William Ruto. On Saturday, the axe was finally surrendered.At Kirigiti Stadium in Kiambu, elders from Mt Kenya East and West took the weapon from Ruku and handed him a flywhisk, directing him to preach reconciliation and unity instead. The axe had been used to dramatise the most contentious question to emerge in Mt Kenya politics ahead of the 2027 General Election,whether the region should remain a single political bloc or whether Mt Kenya East should chart a separate course from the West. Its return marked the latest turn in a campaign that has steadily shifted from splitting the Mountain to deciding who has the authority to speak for it. The elders meeting at Kirigiti endorsed the Deputy President as spokesman and representative of the wider Mt Kenya region, pledging to advance its interests an...
Read briefing KISII, Kenya Sep 20 – Kisii County will host Kenya’s national observance of World Cleanup Day, with more than 15,000 people expected to participate in the event, Governor Simba Arati has said.Arati said Kisii had been selected to champion this year’s theme, “From Clean Plates to Clean Cities,” which focuses on reducing food waste as part of efforts to build cleaner and more sustainable urban centres.Speaking at the Kisii Agricultural Training Centre ahead of the celebrations, the governor said more than 12 governors, Members of Parliament, non-governmental organisations, development partners and representatives from UN-Habitat are expected to attend the national event in Kisii Town.“We are honoured as Kisii County to host World Cleanup Day. This is a global event, and for UN-Habitat to consider Kisii shows the transformation we have made as a county in solid waste management,” Arati said.The governor cited the transformation of the Nyambera dumpsite into a recreational park as one of the county’s key achievements in waste management.“When we came in, Nyambera was a notorious dumpsite that posed health risks to residents. We have transformed it into a park, a clean and green public space. That is the essence of moving from waste to value, from a dirty city to a clean city,” he said.Arati said the county had also rolled out household waste sorting, market clean-ups and community composting initiatives as part of efforts to reduce waste and promote environmental conservation.He said the 2026 World Cleanup Day theme highlights the link between food waste and urban cleanliness.“Every year, 1.05 billion tonnes of food is wasted globally, contributing to 8-10 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. We are telling our people that a clean city starts from a clean plate at home — avoid food waste, sort waste, compost and keep your environment clean,” Arati said.UN-Habitat is expected to support the global campaign through advocacy toolkits and showcase Kisii’s waste management initiatives during the worldwide observance.The governor urged residents across Kisii County to participate in clean-up activities organised in all sub-counties.“This is not just a county event, it is a global event being watched worldwide. Let us all come out and make Kisii shine as the cleanest town in Kenya,” Arati said.World Cleanup Day is observed globally on September 20, with Shaoxing, China, serving as the global host city this year, while Kisii will host Kenya’s national observance.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 20 – Former Cabinet Secretary Moses Kuria has accused Deputy President Kithure Kindiki of failing to tackle the spread of illicit brews in the Mt Kenya region, while defending former Deputy President Rigathi Gachagua’s record on the issue.Kuria said Gachagua was more serious about fighting illicit alcohol during his time in government, arguing that the current holder of the Deputy President’s office had not done enough.“I disagree heavily with the political decision making of Rigathi Gachagua. He suffers from poor judgement. He has a history of making bad choices for the community,” Kuria said in a post on X.“Rigathi Gachagua was serious about fighting illicit brews in Mt Kenya region. The current holder of that office is not,” Kuria said.Kuria was reacting to a video of a woman appealing to the community to take action against excessive drinking and illicit alcohol.In the video, the woman speaks on top of grave of someone about how alcohol affected her son before he recovered through faith and perseverance. She warns that alcohol is destroying families and putting the future of young people at risk.Kuria said the situation would have been different if stronger action had been taken against illicit brews.Kuria’s criticism comes as the government continues a nationwide crackdown on illegal alcohol.In September, the government said 18,650 liquor outlets had been closed, including 12,150 operating without licences and 6,500 licensed premises found to have breached the Alcohol Control Act. Fourteen illegal distilleries were also shut down.The government has also reported thousands of raids and the seizure of hundreds of thousands of litres of illegal brews and counterfeit alcohol.The fight against illicit alcohol has remained a major issue in Mt Kenya, with leaders repeatedly raising concerns about its impact on young people and families.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 20 – The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) has warned that careless waste disposal could damage the environment for future generations as the world marks World Cleanup Day.KWS said everyday choices, including how people dispose of rubbish at home, workplaces and public spaces, play a major role in keeping communities and natural ecosystems clean.“When we waste, we destroy the future of tomorrow’s,” KWS said in a message marking the day, adding: “Usafi ni nusu ya imani.”The wildlife agency urged Kenyans to take greater responsibility for the waste they generate, warning that litter and plastics can pollute habitats, block waterways and eventually make their way into the oceans.“This World Cleanup Day is a reminder that cleaner spaces begin with everyday choices,” KWS said.“Whether at home, at work or in public spaces, disposing of waste properly and avoiding litter helps keep our communities clean, healthy and safe.”The agency said the responsibility for a cleaner environment cannot be left to authorities alone.“From our communities to our parks and wild spaces, responsible waste disposal starts with all of us,” KWS said.World Cleanup Day is marked globally on September 20 every year after the United Nations General Assembly formally designated the date as World Cleanup Day in December 2023.The day provides an opportunity for governments, communities, schools, businesses, civil society groups and individuals to take action against waste and raise awareness about cleaner and more sustainable communities.The 2026 global observance places particular focus on food waste, under the theme “From Clean Plates to Clean Cities.” The campaign links the food people waste with the wider challenge of keeping cities clean and managing resources responsibly.According to the United Nations, about 1.05 billion metric tonnes of food were wasted globally in 2022, representing about 19 per cent of the food available to consumers.The UN says food waste also puts pressure on waste-management systems, wastes land and water resources and contributes to climate change.In Kenya, waste management remains a challenge in many urban and rural communities, with plastic waste, littering and poor disposal practices posing risks to the environment.Poorly disposed waste can end up in drainage systems and waterways, while plastics can remain in the environment for long periods and threaten wildlife and natural habitats.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 20 – Interior Cabinet Secretary Kipchumba Murkomen has placed the fight against doping at the centre of the Mashujaa Day sporting tournament, warning that Kenya must protect young athletes from people who may try to exploit them.Murkomen said the competition, which will bring together teams from Uasin Gishu, Nandi and Elgeyo Marakwet, will be used not only to identify new sporting talent but also to promote what he described as “clean sports”.Speaking during the Mashujaa Day Sporting Activities Preparation Meeting and Media Launch in Eldoret, Murkomen said anti-doping would be among the key issues to be discussed during the tournament.“We are talking about issues to do with clean sports, which is doping and anti-doping,” Murkomen said.His remarks come as Kenya continues to strengthen its anti-doping programme. The Anti-Doping Agency of Kenya (ADAK) says its work includes education, testing and investigations aimed at protecting clean athletes and promoting fair play.Murkomen said the government was working to deal with people he described as “cartels and criminals” running pharmacies and other facilities that could expose athletes to prohibited substances.“The government, the sports environment is working very hard to deal with the cartels and the criminals who are running pharmacies or running facilities that they want to misuse our children,” he said.The CS also said anti-doping would be given special attention during the tournament, with the Sports Ministry expected to organise a conference on issues affecting the country’s sporting sector.“I’m hoping that in the middle of this competition, Sports Ministry will put together a conference to discuss various subjects on the sports arena, including this issue of anti-doping,” Murkomen said.The tournament will also have strict eligibility rules aimed at giving upcoming players an opportunity to showcase their talent.Murkomen said players already registered in Division Two leagues and above will not be allowed to participate.“If a player is already registered as a player within Division Two and up, we will not allow them to play,” he said.He said the decision was intended to give unknown players a chance to attract the attention of professional clubs.“This is an opportunity for us to seek and market new talent for people who have not been seen,” Murkomen said.He added that teams and clubs would be encouraged to attend the matches and identify promising players.The tournament will follow a registration system beginning at village level, with organisers expected to ensure that players do not change teams along the way.The competition is also expected to attract intense interest because of the money at stake.Murkomen said the eventual winner could take home a cumulative Sh1.75 million after progressing through the different stages of the competition.At the ward level, the winner will receive Sh50,000, while the second, third and fourth-placed teams will receive Sh25,000, Sh15,000 and Sh10,000 respectively.At sub-county level, the winner will receive Sh200,000, followed by Sh150,000 for the runner-up, Sh100,000 for third place and Sh50,000 for fourth.At county level, the winner will receive Sh500,000, with Sh250,000 going to the runner-up, Sh150,000 to third place and Sh100,000 to fourth.The final in Eldoret will offer Sh1 million to the winner, Sh750,000 to the runner-up and Sh500,000 to the third-placed team.Murkomen said a player or team that wins through all the stages could therefore accumulate Sh1.75 million.“Do you know now how the stakes are high? If 22 people or about 30 people know that in less than a month they will go home with 1.75 million shillings?” he asked.“That is why the organization of this thing is very important. Fairness, referee must be fair,” Murkomen said.Murkomen also said the government would rely on existing public officers and county structures to reduce the cost of organising the tournament.County sports officials, ward administrators and other county employees will help coordinate the competition as part of their normal duties.National Government Administration Officers, from county commissioners to chiefs and village elders, will also support the tournament without being hired separately for the event.Murkomen said county health departments would similarly provide medical officers and ambulances at sporting venues.“The only people we are going to pay is referees and village organizers… which is part of pesa mfukoni to mwananchi,” he said.The Mashujaa Day sporting activities are part of wider preparations for the national celebrations, with Uasin Gishu expected to host the main celebrations in Eldoret on October 20, 2026.Murkomen said the sporting programme would also focus on security, sports infrastructure, talent development, clean sport and gender-based violence.
Read briefing SIAYA, Kenya, Sep 19 — Principal Secretary for Interior and National Administration Raymond Omollo has called for greater investment in education, saying improved learning conditions are critical to giving children from rural communities opportunities to compete with their counterparts in urban areas.Omollo spoke on Saturday during a funds drive for Gagra Secondary School in Rarieda Constituency, Siaya County, hosted by Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT) Secretary General Collins Oyuu.The PS said education remains a key tool for transforming the lives of young people and driving development in communities.He called on leaders, parents and residents to support schools by improving infrastructure and creating conducive learning environments.“We have every responsibility as a people of this constituency, as a people of Siaya, and as Kenyans, to support anything that will help improve the learning conditions of our students,” Omollo said.He said investment in education could help bridge the gap between children raised in rural areas and those growing up in major towns, giving them opportunities to pursue higher education and compete globally.“Education is what will make a child from this village to be the same as a child who has been born and brought up in the city of Nairobi,” he said.Omollo pointed to government efforts in the education sector, including the recruitment of teachers and development of school infrastructure, but said more needed to be done to improve learning conditions.He urged communities and other stakeholders to complement government efforts by supporting schools whenever opportunities arise.Omollo also challenged residents of Rarieda to reclaim the region’s reputation for producing scholars and professionals, saying education could help restore its fortunes.“You have an opportunity under the leadership of President William Ruto to rewrite that history,” he said.The PS further urged parents and guardians to ensure their children remain in school and take advantage of available educational opportunities.“I want to appeal to parents and guardians. Let’s not keep our children at home when others are in school,” Omollo said.He said development of schools should not be left solely to the government, calling for greater community participation in improving infrastructure and supporting learners.Oyuu, who has served as KNUT Secretary General since 2021, was re-elected for a second term in April 2026.
Read briefing KAMPALA, Uganda, Sep 19 — The Uganda People’s Defence Forces (UPDF) has announced the immediate suspension of all defence and military cooperation with Türkiye.In a statement issued on Saturday, September 19, 2026, the UPDF said the suspension would remain in force until outstanding issues concerning mutual defence and military cooperation between Uganda and Türkiye are resolved.“UPDF has with immediate effect suspended all and any Defence and Military cooperation with the Republic of Türkiye,” the statement said.The military did not provide details of the outstanding issues prompting the suspension.It said the measure would remain in place pending resolution of the issues affecting defence and military cooperation between the two countries.The statement was signed by Colonel Chris Magezi, Acting Director of Defence Public Information at Uganda’s Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs/UPDF.The announcement was also reposted by Uganda’s Chief of Defence Forces, General Muhoozi Kainerugaba, on X.The UPDF did not indicate how long the suspension would last, saying only that cooperation would resume once the outstanding issues are resolved.The decision marks a suspension of the existing defence and military cooperation framework between Uganda and Türkiye, although the statement did not specify which areas of cooperation are affected.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 19 – Interior Cabinet Secretary Kipchumba Murkomen has warned politicians against using young people to cause violence, saying the government will come after those who threaten Kenya’s peace ahead of the 2027 General Election.Speaking in Kieni, Nyeri on Saturday Murkomen directed security officials to ensure politicians are not given room to mobilise youth for violence.“Do not allow politicians to be given space to use our youth to incite violence. We will not allow that,” Murkomen said.“It does not matter, and it is not a matter of votes or anything; we will come for you and we will come for you hard. We will definitely deal with you.”Murkomen said his responsibility goes beyond the election and includes ensuring that Kenyans remain safe before, during and after the polls.“My responsibility is to ensure that Kenya remains safe. Even after the elections end next year, besides those who will be elected, as the Minister for Security, I must ensure that next year’s election will be free and safe,” he said.The warning comes just days after Murkomen told the Senate that 1,189 people had been sentenced for offences linked to political violence and goonism since 2022.He also disclosed that 121,870 youths had been incarcerated in correctional facilities between 2022 and 2026, with 11,824 serving sentences for offences related to criminal gangs, violent extremism and political goonism.Murkomen said the government would not allow political competition to turn into violence.He said the security agencies were preparing to keep the country safe as the 2027 elections approach.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 19 – National Assembly Majority Leader Kimani Ichung’wah has taken aim at the emerging “sponyo” politics, saying politicians should be supported with ideas that improve the lives of ordinary Kenyans rather than money to fight political battles.Ichung’wah made the remarks on Saturday during the launch of the Kieni West Onion Farmers Cooperative, a day after former President Uhuru Kenyatta caused laughter at a funeral in Murang’a by accepting the label “sponyo”.“Sisi sio ma-Sponyo. Na kama tungekuwa ma-Sponyo, tutakuwa Sponyo wa mkulima wa Mkenya na mwananchi wa kawaida,” Ichung’wah said.Ichung’wah’s remarks came a day after Uhuru appeared to embrace the “sponyo” label during a funeral in Kiharu, Murang’a County.The nickname is derived from “sponsor” and has been used by President William Ruto and his allies in reference to allegations that Uhuru is backing or financing opposition political activities.Ruto has repeatedly accused his predecessor of supporting political opponents and efforts aimed at challenging his administration ahead of 2027.Ichung’wah said those with resources and influence should use them to support ordinary Kenyans, particularly farmers.He challenged politicians to focus on issues that directly affect voters instead of relying on political sponsorship.“We should continue being sponsors of farmers. They get seeds, they get fertiliser, they get markets,” he said.He said politicians who had an opportunity to improve the lives of Kenyans should explain their policies instead of simply attacking the government.“If you are a sponsor of politicians, and you had an opportunity to improve the lives of ordinary Kenyans… you had an opportunity to improve education for Kenyans, but you left it to deteriorate,” Ichung’wah said.He also accused the previous administration of failing to deliver on some of the programmes it promised, including Universal Health Coverage and the Big Four Agenda.Ichung’wah used the meeting to cite what he described as progress under President Ruto’s administration.He pointed to the transition from the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) to the Social Health Authority (SHA), claiming that the new system has enrolled about 32 million Kenyans compared with about eight million under NHIF.“SHA iko na watu milioni 32 million Kenyans are today enlisted under SHA,” he said.Ichung’wah also cited the Affordable Housing Programme, saying the government had expanded the programme beyond the initial projects started under the previous administration.He said affordable housing is now being developed in Nyeri County and in more than 280 constituencies across the country.Ichung’wah urged political opponents to allow the current administration time to implement its programmes.“You do not need to support anybody, but please give those who have the temerity to do what matters to the people of Kenya time to do,” he said.He accused unnamed politicians of using money and influence to push political agendas rather than giving voters clear policies.“At least give them policies to sell to wananchi on issues that affect them,” he said.Ichung’wah said the focus should instead be on improving the lives of farmers by ensuring access to seeds, fertiliser and reliable markets.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 19 – Public Service Cabinet Secretary Geoffrey Ruku has returned the axe to Mt Kenya Region elders, abandoning the push to divide the mountain and taking up a new mandate to champion reconciliation and unity.During a traditional ceremony with elders, Ruku handed back the axe, a symbolic gesture marking the end of calls to split the Mt Kenya region.The elders subsequently handed Ruku a flywhisk and tasked him with taking the message of reconciliation and unity to the people of the region and the country at large.The symbolic exchange marked a shift from division to reconciliation, with the elders directing Ruku to use his leadership position to promote cohesion and bring together communities within Mt Kenya.Ruku was also tasked with extending the message beyond the region by preaching national unity and encouraging Kenyans to embrace reconciliation.The elders’ decision to take back the axe and hand Ruku the flywhisk was presented as a symbolic end to the clamour for dividing the mountain.The ceremony placed emphasis on unity within the Mt Kenya region while calling for a broader national reconciliation agenda.Ruku’s new role, as assigned by the elders, will involve championing unity and reconciliation as part of efforts to address divisions within the region and across the country.
Read briefing At least 16 people, including five police officers, have been killed after a vehicle loaded with explosives rammed into a mosque in north-western Pakistan, according to a senior police official in Peshawar.A gun battle is still ongoing between attackers and security forces at the mosque, near police headquarters, in the Kohat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.One of the assailants has reportedly been killed, an officer says, and a rescue operation is under way.In a statement, Pakistan’s President Asif Ali Zardari expressed “his best wishes for the swift recovery of those injured in the explosion.”Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police chief inspector general Zulfikar Hameed described the attack as a “suicide attack”, according to Reuters news agency.Militancy in Pakistan’s border areas has risen sharply in recent months, targeting the military and police.Islamabad says militants use safe haven in Afghanistan to train and plan attacks in Pakistan. Afghanistan’s Taliban government denies the accusation and says militancy is Pakistan’s domestic problem.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 18 – About 3,000 students from the University of Nairobi’s Class of 2026 graduated on Friday after being conferred with degrees during the institution’s 75th graduation ceremony.The ceremony was held at the University of Nairobi’s Chancellor’s Court, with government and university officials challenging the graduates to apply their knowledge and skills to address societal challenges.Education Cabinet Secretary Julius Migos Ogamba urged the graduates to look beyond seeking employment and instead use their education to create opportunities and develop solutions to challenges facing society.“The world you are entering demands more than memorized knowledge,” Ogamba said. “It requires critical thinking, adaptability, and innovation to solve societal challenges and create opportunities.”The Cabinet Secretary said the government was implementing education reforms aimed at improving access to quality education in a rapidly changing world.He cited the expansion of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) programmes, competency-based learning and increased funding as some of the measures being pursued.Ogamba also announced plans for a policy aimed at ensuring full financing for students in public universities and technical institutions, saying financial constraints should not prevent deserving Kenyans from accessing higher education.Presenting the Class of 2026 to the Chancellor, University of Nairobi Vice Chancellor Eng. Prof. Ayub N. Gitau described the 75th graduation as a celebration of the institution’s legacy and the generations of graduates who have gone on to serve in different sectors.Gitau outlined the university’s priorities, including student success, research advancement, digital transformation and stronger alumni engagement.He also highlighted the University of Nairobi’s role in continental collaboration, citing the Africa Forward Summit hosted by the institution.The summit brought together President William Ruto and French President Emmanuel Macron for discussions on artificial intelligence, green industrialisation and global health.University of Nairobi Chancellor Prof. Patrick Verkooijen challenged the graduates to consider the difference they can make despite the limitations they may face.He cited Cape Verde’s historic qualification for the FIFA World Cup as an example of how possibilities can expand when individuals act on their potential.Verkooijen asked the graduates, “How big is your one percent?”, urging them to reflect on their individual contribution to Kenya’s future.He said the country needs graduates prepared to challenge existing narratives and turn ambition into reality amid geopolitical and economic challenges.Chairperson of the University of Nairobi Council Prof. Chacha Nyaigotti-Chacha highlighted the contribution of staff in maintaining the institution’s academic and operational standards.Chacha called for a culture of dignity, fairness and accountability within the university, emphasising the role played by both academic and support staff in the institution’s continued operations.The graduation was held under the theme “Transforming Society through Excellence, Knowledge, and Innovation.”The ceremony focused on the academic achievements of the Class of 2026 while also emphasising the responsibilities graduates assume as they enter professional and public life.The University of Nairobi said the graduates were challenged to transform their knowledge and skills into practical solutions as they enter a world increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence, digital technologies, climate change, automation and emerging forms of work.For the Class of 2026, the ceremony marked the completion of their university studies and the beginning of the next phase of their professional journeys.The 75th graduation ceremony also marked another milestone in the history of the University of Nairobi as the institution continues to focus on education, research, innovation and its contribution to national and continental development.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 18 – Tension erupted in Ruai after police clashed with residents as officers moved to evict a widow from a disputed piece of land she claims has been her home for 34 years.The confrontation occurred as police attempted to enforce an eviction order involving the parcel, triggering resistance from residents who gathered at the scene.The widow, Wanjiru, said she has lived on the disputed land for more than three decades and questioned the move to remove her from the property.The dispute pits Wanjiru against Njeru, who claims he legally acquired the land from her late husband.Njeru maintains that he bought the property from Wanjiru’s late husband, a claim that has become the centre of the ongoing ownership dispute.The attempted eviction sparked a confrontation between police and residents, with the situation turning chaotic as locals resisted the removal of the widow.Residents questioned the circumstances surrounding the eviction and called for the land dispute to be resolved before any further action is taken.The competing claims over the property have heightened tensions in the Ruai area, with the widow maintaining that she has occupied the land for decades while Njeru asserts that he acquired ownership through a transaction with her late husband.The dispute comes amid wider concerns over land ownership and evictions in parts of Nairobi, where competing claims over property can result in prolonged legal and community disputes.The circumstances surrounding the eviction, including the legal basis for the enforcement action and the competing ownership claims, remain central to the dispute.Authorities are expected to address the competing claims as efforts continue to resolve the ownership row.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 18 – Kenya has been selected to host the East African Insurance Supervisors Association (EAISA) Secretariat for the next five years as insurance regulators from across the region move to strengthen cooperation and harmonise supervision.The decision was reached during the EAISA Regional Meetings held in Nairobi from September 16 to 17, bringing together insurance regulators from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.The meetings considered initiatives aimed at strengthening regional regulatory cooperation, consumer protection, technology-enabled supervision and the harmonisation of insurance regulation within the East African Community (EAC).Under the resolutions adopted in Nairobi, Kenya will provide a permanent institutional base for coordinating EAISA’s regional activities during the five-year period.The regulators also adopted a harmonised Insurance Core Principles assessment template to facilitate consistent assessment of member regulators against international supervisory standards.The framework is expected to support identification of regulatory gaps and promote peer learning among insurance supervisors across the region.The meeting also approved the progression of the Regional Integrated Insurance Supervisory Software (RIISS), which is intended to strengthen information sharing and supervisory effectiveness through technology.The regulators supported a harmonised regional approach to digital transformation, with a focus on interoperability, consumer protection, cybersecurity, efficiency and improved access to insurance services.EAISA also approved the development of a harmonised EAC Insurance Sandbox Regulatory Framework.The framework is expected to provide a common regulatory approach for responsible innovation while facilitating greater cooperation among insurance regulators across member states.Consumer protection featured prominently in the decisions reached during the Nairobi meetings.EAISA approved the further development of Regional Guidelines on Insurance Complaints Management, aimed at establishing common minimum standards for fair, timely and effective handling of insurance complaints.The guidelines will take into account the different national legal frameworks governing insurance regulation in member states.The regulators also approved the development of regional monitoring and evaluation guidelines to improve the comparability of insurance market data and support evidence-based supervisory decision-making.The meeting noted progress towards the adoption of the EAISA Constitution and urged member regulators to conclude their respective national approval processes.The association also approved the development of a Governance Charter to strengthen accountability, transparency and institutional effectiveness while clarifying roles within EAISA.The decisions are expected to deepen cross-border cooperation among insurance regulators and support the development of a more integrated regional insurance supervisory framework.The Nairobi meeting brought together regulators from Burundi, the DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda as EAISA seeks to promote coordinated insurance supervision across the East African Community.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 18 — Motorists heading to the Nairobi Expressway Westlands entrance from the James Gichuru Junction will be required to use the lower A8 road, Waiyaki Way, during planned maintenance and construction works on the elevated overpass.The temporary traffic diversion will take effect at 8pm on Saturday and run until noon on Monday, September 21, according to a notice issued by Moja Expressway Company.During the works, motorists travelling towards the CBD will not be allowed to use the elevated overpass deck to access the Westlands entrance.They will instead be directed to the lower A8 road, where traffic marshals will guide motorists through the affected section.Moja Expressway said outbound traffic exiting the Nairobi Expressway towards the overpass will resume normal operations from 5pm on Saturday.Motorists have been urged to exercise caution and follow directions from traffic marshals to minimise disruptions during the works.The company apologised for the inconvenience caused by the temporary diversion and thanked motorists for using the Nairobi Expressway.The works come as traffic volumes on the Nairobi Expressway continue to increase, placing greater demand on the key Nairobi transport corridor.Government data shows the expressway handled an average of 67,298 vehicles daily during the 2024/25 financial year, compared with about 59,000 vehicles two years earlier.Traffic volumes have risen significantly since the expressway began operations, when the route handled about 11,000 vehicles a day.During the first half of the 2024/25 financial year alone, approximately 12.5 million vehicles used the Nairobi Expressway, highlighting its growing importance for motorists travelling across the capital.Motorists planning to use the Westlands entrance over the affected period have been advised to allow extra travel time and follow temporary traffic arrangements.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 17 – Dagoretti South MP John Kiarie has called for stronger parliamentary oversight of Artificial Intelligence (AI), warning that Kenya’s push to adopt emerging technologies must be matched by safeguards to protect citizens’ rights and ensure accountability.Kiarie, who chairs the National Assembly’s Communications, Information and Innovation Committee, said Parliament must ensure that the development and deployment of AI does not outpace the laws and institutions responsible for protecting Kenyans.He spoke during a webinar on “Synchronizing AI Innovations: Legislative Interventions Towards Harnessing AI in Africa”, convened by the Centre for Parliamentary Studies and Training (CPST) and moderated by Parliamentary Joint Services Director-General Clement Nyandiere.The forum brought together representatives from Parliament, government and the technology sector to examine how Kenya can benefit from AI while addressing risks associated with its growing use.“Parliament must carefully examine how AI is being developed, procured and deployed, particularly where automated systems can influence decisions affecting people’s livelihoods and access to essential services,” Kiarie said.He said AI was likely to disrupt several sectors, including employment, education, healthcare, financial services, social protection, security and justice.The discussions also focused on whether existing laws are adequate to address emerging challenges posed by AI or whether new legislation and safeguards are required.Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) CEO Grace Githaiga said technological advancement should not come at the expense of human rights.She said Kenya could promote innovation while establishing a governance framework that gives citizens, businesses and public institutions confidence that AI systems are being developed and used responsibly.Githaiga said AI had fundamentally altered the traditional debate around privacy and data protection.“The concern is no longer simply about what personal information is collected and stored. AI systems can analyze large amounts of information, draw conclusions about individuals, create profiles and make or influence decisions based on data whose original purpose may have been very different,” she said.She said this raised questions about the data used to train AI models, the information that systems can infer about individuals and the consequences of automated decision-making.Participants also raised concerns that AI systems could reproduce existing inequalities if they are trained using historical data containing patterns of discrimination, exclusion or under-representation.Such biases could affect decisions in areas such as recruitment, lending, education, healthcare, insurance and access to public services.The ICT Authority has also called for stronger safeguards as government agencies increasingly turn to AI to improve service delivery.ICT Authority chief executive Jessy K Maruti said public institutions could not evade responsibility for decisions simply because they involved algorithms or technology supplied by private companies.“Government accountability cannot be delegated to a vendor or an algorithm,” Maruti said.He identified infrastructure, standards, institutions and accountability as key pillars of responsible AI adoption in government.Maruti said Kenya’s digital transformation would require more than expanding internet access, pointing to the need for reliable electricity, fibre networks, cloud infrastructure, secure computing capacity, trusted data systems, cybersecurity and digital skills.Although about 96 per cent of Kenyans are estimated to live within mobile broadband coverage, participants noted that a significant usage gap remains, highlighting the difference between network availability and meaningful digital inclusion.Maruti also stressed the need for human oversight where AI systems are used to make or assist decisions affecting people’s rights, benefits, safety or access to government services.He called for mechanisms allowing citizens to challenge decisions, seek human review and obtain remedies where AI systems make errors.Cybersecurity, he added, should be considered throughout the lifecycle of an AI system, from data collection and development to deployment, monitoring and eventual retirement.The ICT Authority proposed a risk-based approach to AI regulation, under which low-risk applications would face basic safeguards while systems capable of significantly affecting people’s rights or safety would be subjected to stricter requirements.High-risk systems could require impact assessments, independent reviews, external validation, registration, regular audits and clear appeal mechanisms, according to the discussions.Participants further noted that certain applications of AI, particularly those involving unlawful discrimination or manipulation, could require outright prohibition.For Parliament, the expanding use of AI presents responsibilities spanning legislation, oversight, representation, resourcing and review.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 17 – A matatu driver accused of engaging in dangerous “manyoka” driving has been charged with causing the deaths of three people in a crash along Enterprise Road in Nairobi. Sammy Murigi Maina appeared before Milimani Magistrate Paul Mutai on Thursday and pleaded not guilty to charges arising from the June 3, 2026 accident involving an Isuzu minibus operated by Risen Sacco. The Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) said Maina was driving motor vehicle registration number KDU 887C at about 8pm along Enterprise Road, opposite KCB Bank, when he allegedly drove recklessly and dangerously, resulting in the deaths of Charles Brandy Wahome, Tamia Kalekya Nyambura and Edwin Kago. The prosecution alleges that Maina drove the vehicle in a dangerous manner commonly known as the “Manyoka” style, contrary to Section 42(3) of the Traffic Act. The DPP said the manner in which the vehicle was driven led to the fatal crash. “On 3rd June 2026 at about 8.00pm, along Enterprises Road opposite KCB Bank in Nairobi County, Maina, while driving motor vehicle registration number KDU 887C, an Isuzu minibus operated by Risen Sacco, drove the vehicle recklessly and dangerously, resulting in the deaths of the three victims,” the DPP said. The prosecution further alleges that Maina’s actions caused bodily harm to Eugene Ongundi and Domnic Mulwa. In addition to the three counts relating t...
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 17 – Organisers of events marking the first anniversary of Raila Odinga’s death have drawn a line between peaceful mourners and those seeking to disrupt the celebrations, warning that “goons” will have no place at the planned national commemorations.The organising committee chairman, Prof Adams Oloo, said the celebrations were intended to bring together Kenyans across political, religious and ethnic divides in remembrance of the former Prime Minister.But he said the family had made it clear that the invitation to participate did not extend to individuals who could cause chaos during the events.Prof Oloo said Mama Ida Odinga had repeatedly emphasised to him that the celebrations would be open to all Kenyans, but not to those intent on disrupting them.“This celebration shall be about the people. She (Mama Ida) told me that all the people are invited, but goons are also people. She told me three times that they are not invited, although they are people,” Prof Oloo said.He said the organisers wanted the commemorations to capture the national character of Mr Odinga’s public life rather than turn them into a regional or religious affair.“This celebration has to be national; it knows no religion, it has no boundary. It has to reflect what Baba was,” he said.Prof Oloo was speaking during the unveiling of the committee appointed by Mrs Odinga to coordinate activities marking the first anniversary of Mr Odinga’s death.The committee has drawn members from government, political institutions, civil society, academia, the private sector and the Odinga family, reflecting the organisers’ intention to give the commemorations a broad national character.The warning comes as the organisers prepare a series of events expected to attract people from different parts of the country to honour Mr Odinga and reflect on his political and public life.Ida has previously said the celebrations belong to Kenyans and should provide an opportunity for those who did not get a chance to mourn Mr Odinga in the manner they wished to come together, share memories and celebrate his life.The family has also welcomed initiatives by institutions seeking to preserve Mr Odinga’s legacy, including the Raila Odinga Regional Leadership Academy established by the Kenya School of Government and the planned Raila Odinga Centre for Democracy at the University of Nairobi.Prof Oloo said the committee would work to ensure that the commemorations remained peaceful and inclusive, while maintaining the character the family had envisaged for the anniversary.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 17 – The first anniversary of former Prime Minister Raila Odinga’s death will be marked with a series of national commemorative events, including the launch of a democracy centre at the University of Nairobi and the establishment of a regional leadership academy in his name.Mama Ida Odinga said the Kenya School of Government had established the Raila Odinga Regional Leadership Academy, designated as a centre of excellence for governance practices, public sector leadership and public administration studies.“The Kenya School of Government has established the Raila Odinga Regional Leadership Academy, designated as a centre of excellence to foster diligent governance practices, public sector leadership, and public administration studies,” she said.The University of Nairobi is also establishing the Raila Odinga Centre for Democracy, which is expected to be officially launched during the week of commemorative activities.Mrs Odinga welcomed the institutional initiatives, saying the family was grateful for the academic and diplomatic honours being extended in memory of the former Prime Minister.“In this spirit of institutional partnership, we are profoundly grateful for the diplomatic and academic honours being extended in his memory across national institutions,” she said.She spoke during a press conference on activities planned to mark the first anniversary of Mr Odinga’s death, saying the family had established a national steering committee to coordinate the commemorations.“All the commemorative activities and events and institutional initiatives regarding the celebration of Raila Odinga will be conducted under the direct guidance of this committee,” she said.The committee is chaired by Professor Adams Oloo and brings together representatives from government, political institutions, civil society, academia, the private sector and the Odinga family. Rarieda MP Otiende Amollo is also a member.Mrs Odinga said the commemorations would be a national occasion rather than an event restricted to the organising committee or Odinga’s political supporters.“These celebrations do not belong to the committee; they belong to the people. Baba’s people are all welcome,” she said.She said the events would provide an opportunity for Kenyans who did not get the chance to mourn Mr Odinga in the manner they wished to come together, remember his life and share their experiences.“We know that many Kenyans did not have opportunity to mourn him in the way they wished,” she said.Mrs Odinga said Mr Odinga’s legacy extended beyond political affiliations, describing the first anniversary as an opportunity to reflect on his contribution to the country.“As we approach the first anniversary of his passing, we recognize that his legacy belongs to every Kenyan who believes in democracy, justice, and peace,” she said.She added that Kenyans holding different political views could still share aspirations for a better country.The family has also welcomed initiatives by universities and other institutions to honour Mr Odinga. Mrs Odinga singled out Daystar University, saying it had begun plans for a symposium in his memory.The commemorative programme is expected to bring together Kenyans from different parts of the country, with Mrs Odinga saying the occasion should reflect the national reach of Mr Odinga’s political and public life.“Reflecting this broad national spirit, the committee brings together representatives from government, political institutions, civil society, academia, private sector and our family,” she said.“But this celebration does not belong to the Committee. It belongs to the people from Wote to Mombasa. From Turkana to Kajiado, from Busia to Garissa, from Nairobi to Meru and everywhere else in between.”She said the week would be an opportunity for Kenyans to “come together, to participate, to sing, to remember, to tell stories and celebrate the extraordinary life shared with Baba Raila Amolo Odinga.”
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 17 – Senators have demanded the contract and key financial and procurement records for the multi-billion-shilling Bomas International Conference Centre (BICC) project amid questions over the division of responsibilities between the Ministries of Defence and Tourism.The Senate Standing Committee on Roads, Transportation and Housing, chaired by Nominated Senator Hamida Kibwana, wants the Ministry of Defence to submit the contract, procurement records and project progress reports after it emerged that the ministry was responsible for contracting and procurement.The Ministry of Tourism, which is expected to own and market the facility, is responsible for positioning Kenya as a major international meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions destination.Appearing before the committee, Tourism and Wildlife Cabinet Secretary Rebecca Miano said the contracting function had been delegated to Defence, which was therefore responsible for the contractual documentation.“The contracting function had been delegated to the Ministry of Defence and we believe they will handle the documentation,” Ms Miano said.The arrangement raised questions among senators, particularly because the project is being funded through the Tourism Fund.Senator Kibwana said the committee required comprehensive documentation to scrutinise the project and establish how public funds were being spent.The committee wants the contract and procurement records, financing agreements, project budgets and financial statements, as well as invoices, payment and expenditure records.It has also demanded work plans, progress reports, project timelines, feasibility studies, technical reports, bills of quantities, approved designs and correspondence relating to the planning, procurement, financing and implementation of the project, including any variations to the contract.Kitui Senator Enoch Wambua questioned why the Ministry of Tourism did not have custody of the key contractual documents despite being expected to own the facility.“It cannot be that one ministry has signed a contract with a contractor, somebody undertaking construction, and another ministry is the one that is tracking progress,” Senator Wambua said.He said the arrangement appeared unusual, with one ministry responsible for signing the contract while another monitored implementation.Ms Miano told the committee that the project was approved by Cabinet in 2023, when Bomas of Kenya was under the Ministry of Culture and Gender.She said procurement responsibilities were subsequently delegated to the Ministry of Defence as part of changes in the structure of government.“This project was approved by Cabinet in 2023. At that time, Bomas was under the Ministry of Culture and Gender. The procurement process was then delegated to Ministry of Defence in review of the arrangement of government,” she said.Bomas was later transferred to the Ministry of Tourism, with the ministry taking responsibility for monitoring the project’s progress, Ms Miano said.She acknowledged that her ministry needed the contract to monitor implementation and undertook to obtain a copy from Defence for submission to the committee.“I can discuss with the Ministry of Defence so that they give us a copy that we can submit,” she said.Senator Wambua pressed the Cabinet Secretary on why the document could not be immediately provided if it was already being used by the ministry to monitor the project.“The CS has just gone on record and said that she has a contract to guide our ministry in tracking progress. What is the difficulty in making that contract available to us?” he asked.Ms Miano maintained that there was a distinction between technical supervision of construction and the Ministry of Tourism’s mandate over the facility’s eventual use and positioning.She said Defence remained responsible for technical supervision and project management, while Tourism was required to ensure the facility was integrated into international tourism and conference calendars.“It’s a national flagship initiative designed to position Kenya as a premier meetings, incentives, and conferences destination,” Ms Miano said.She said Tourism needed to determine when the facility would be marketed internationally and when bookings could begin.“It’s not the actual technical supervision that is still with the Ministry of Defence, and therefore there is no contradiction in that,” she added.Nominated Senator Peris Tobiko said the committee should summon Defence officials to provide the documents if the Tourism ministry could not produce them.Laikipia Senator John Kinyua also questioned the financial accountability arrangements, arguing that Tourism should have access to the contract because the project funds were being channelled through its docket.He said the delegation of procurement to Defence did not remove Tourism’s responsibility to account for the money.“It is your money. Somebody is doing your project,” Senator Kinyua told the Cabinet Secretary.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya Sep 16 – The Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI) has launched a manhunt for a man accused of defrauding job seekers through a fraudulent overseas employment scheme targeting Kenyans aspiring to work in Canada.The suspect, identified as Elizaphan Michira, allegedly posed as an employment and travel facilitator, promising prospective applicants non-existent jobs in Canada, including nurse aides, storekeepers and truck drivers.According to a public notice issued by the DCI, Michira collected substantial sums of money from job seekers under the guise of facilitating visa processing, medical examinations, biometrics and air travel.Investigators said they discovered that the travel arrangements and documents presented to the victims were fraudulent.The alleged scheme targeted individuals seeking overseas employment, with applicants reportedly required to pay various fees in anticipation of securing jobs and travelling to Canada.The DCI has urged members of the public to exercise caution when dealing with individuals offering overseas employment opportunities and to verify the authenticity of recruitment and travel arrangements before making payments.The matter has been registered at the Milimani Law Courts under Criminal Report Number 011/14/2026 and Criminal Case Number E223/2026.A warrant of arrest has been issued against Michira and remains active as detectives pursue him.The suspect is listed as originating from Borabu District, Makenene Location, Matutu Sub-Location.The DCI is appealing to members of the public who may have information regarding Michira’s whereabouts to report to the nearest police station.The DCI has assured the public that information provided will be treated with strict confidentiality.The agency has also encouraged members of the public who may have fallen victim to the alleged employment fraud to report the matter to investigators.
Read briefing NAIROBI, Kenya, Sep 16 – The Kenya Forest Service has accused Muthaiga Golf Club of illegally occupying part of the gazetted Karura Forest, escalating a dispute over the ownership and boundaries of land on which the club’s golf course stands.KFS says there is no evidence in its records proving that the club has a legal right to occupy the disputed section of the forest, despite the club’s claim that it holds a title deed.In a statement issued on Tuesday, the forest agency said Karura Forest covers approximately 1,044.1 hectares and was gazetted as a forest reserve in 1932 through Proclamation No. 44 of 1932.The forest was later declared a Central Forest through Legal Notice No. 174 of May 20, 1964.KFS said its records show that the land on which the golf club was established was surveyed and leased in the 1960s, with a plan showing the extent of the leased land issued in 1966.“Several correspondences between the then Forest Department and the Commissioner of Lands articulate how land was surveyed, leased and construction of then Karura Golf Club commenced,” KFS said.The agency said construction of the golf course subsequently began, with further changes to its boundaries approved in the 1970s.“In 1974, the Chief Conservator of Forests wrote a letter to the Club confirming proposed alteration of the golf course boundary, after which the course would further extend north,” the statement said.The dispute has now resurfaced over whether part of the land currently occupied by the club falls within the boundaries of the gazetted forest.KFS said the club was invited to apply for a Forest Special Use Licence after the enactment of the Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2007, but did not honour the request.The issue was raised again in 2021 when the club was invited to discuss what KFS described as its illegal occupation of Karura Forest Reserve.“During which the Golf Club representatives claimed to hold a title deed,” KFS said.The forest agency, however, says it has been unable to establish a legal basis for the club’s occupation.“There no evidence of record to the effect proving legal occupation of the forest by the Club,” KFS said.It added: “Historically, the Club has acknowledged through various correspondences in our possession, their occupation of a gazetted forest land and the recent claims of ownership may imply grabbing of public land by private interest.”KFS has urged the club to engage with the agency formally to resolve the dispute in accordance with the Forest Conservation and Management Act.“There is need for the Club to address the illegalities through formal engagement with Kenya Forest Service, in line with the Forest Conservation and Management Act,” the agency said.The latest confrontation follows action by KFS officers at the golf club, which temporarily restricted access to part of the course.The affected section covered the Front Nine, including holes two to nine, according to reports on the dispute. The club subsequently restored access as the two sides moved towards discussions over the contested land.The dispute centres on the legal status of land that has been associated with the golf club for decades, with KFS relying on historical records to assert that part of the club’s current occupation lies within the gazetted forest.Muthaiga Golf Club has maintained that it has documentation supporting its occupation of the land.The club is expected to engage KFS over the matter, with the discussions likely to examine historical surveys, leases, title documents and the official boundaries of Karura Forest.The dispute places renewed focus on the complex history of land around Karura, one of Nairobi’s most significant urban forests.Karura was gazetted as a forest reserve in 1932, meaning that questions surrounding subsequent allocations, leases, surveys and changes to boundaries have implications beyond the golf club itself.
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